Greendyke & Kanter

(1986)

USA

RCT

PEDro=7

N=9

Population: ABI; Mean Age=52 yr; Gender: Male=9, Female=0; Mean Time Post Injury=7.8 yr.

Treatment: In a crossover design, patients received pindolol or a placebo capsules for the first half of study. The treatment group received 60 mg/day of pindolol for 10 days, increased up to 100 mg. Groups were then crossed-over. Supplemental psychotropic medication was given as needed.

Outcome Measure: Frequency of assaultive behaviour.

1.         Significant reduction of assaultive episodes, need for supplemental medication and hostility were demonstrated during pindolol treatment (p<0.05).

2.         Significant improvements in patients’ willingness to communicate, and cooperation during treatment (p<0.025) and significant reduction of stereotyped behaviours (p<0.01).