Author

Year

Country

Research Design

PEDro

Sample Size

Greendyke & Kanter

(1986)

USA

RCT

PEDro=7

N_Initial=11, N_Final=9

Population: ABI; Mean Age=52yr; Gender: Male=9, Female=0; Mean Time Post Injury=7.8yr.

Intervention: Patients received pindolol (60-100 mg/day) or placebo for 10 days. Groups were then crossed over and received the alternate treatment for 10 days. Supplemental psychotropic medication was given as needed.

Outcome Measure: Frequency of assaultive behaviour.

1.         Significant reduction of assaultive episodes, need for supplemental medication, and hostility were demonstrated during pindolol treatment (p<0.05).

2.         Significant improvements in willingness to communicate and cooperate (p<0.025) and significant reduction of stereotyped behaviours (p<0.01) were demonstrated during pindolol treatment.