| Author, Year
Country
Study Design
Sample Size |
Methods |
Outcome |
| Naguib & Madian (2014)
Egypt
RCT
PEDro=5
N=60 |
Population: TBI; Mean Age=30yr; Group 1 (n=20): Gender: Male=14, Female=6; Severity: Mild=8, Moderate=7, Severe=5. Group 2 (n=20): Gender: Male=14, Female=6; Severity: Mild=8, Moderate=8, Severe=4. Group 3 (n=20): Gender: Male=15, Female=5; Severity: Mild=6, Moderate=8, Severe=6.
Intervention: Participants were randomized to receive betahistine dihydrochloride (48mg/d, Group 1), a vestibular rehabilitation program (Group 2), or both (Group 3) as treatment for a balance disorder. Outcomes were assessed via videonystagmography at baseline, 1 and 2wk, and then every month until recovery.
Outcome Measures: Recovery time. |
1. Group 3 showed the earliest recovery time: complete recovery within 2mo.
2. For Group 2, 80% had complete recovery within 2 months and 20% within 3mo.
3. For Group 1, 85% had complete recovery within 2-3 months, and 15% in more than 3 months.
4. Mean recovery time was significantly longer in Group 1 (62.1d) than in Group 2 (37.6d) and Group 3 (34.4d; p<0.050), but there was no significant difference between Group 2 and Group 3 (p>0.05). |
| Peirone et al. (2014)
Italy
RCT
PEDro=6
N=16 |
Population: TBI=7, Stroke=7, Other=2; Mean Age=40.5yr; Gender: Male=9, Female=7; Mean Time Post Injury=14.3mo.
Intervention: Participants were randomized into a control (n=8) or intervention group (n=8). Both groups received standard physiotherapy in 50min sessions (3x/wk for 7wk). The intervention group also performed an individualized dual-task home-based programme (6d/wk for 7wk).
Outcome Measure: Balance Evaluation System Test (BEST), Activities-Specific Balance Confidence Scale, Goal Attainment Scaling (GAS). |
1. Post-intervention scores differed significantly between groups on the BEST, with the intervention group improving more (p=0.008).
2. There were no significant between group differences on the Activities-specific Balance Confidence Scale (p=0.110), or the GAS (p=0.093).
3. The control group made significant improvements on the BEST (mean change=5.5±3.53, p=0.020) and the GAS (mean change=16.28±6.58, p=0.010).
4. The intervention group made significant improvements from pre to post intervention on the BEST (mean change=17.87±6.05, p=0.014), the Activities-Specific Balance Confidence scale (mean change=25.25±25.51, p=0.01) and the GAS (mean change=19.37±9.03, p=0.02). |
| Motin et al. (2005)
Israel
Post-Test
N=10
|
Population: Severe TBI; Mean Age=43yr; Gender: Male=8, Female=2; Mean Time Post Injury=67d.
Intervention: Patients underwent a particle reposition maneuver. The examiner performed the Dix-Hallpike test to the affected side such that nystagmus and vertigo were elicited; this position was maintained for 1-2min. The patient’s head was then rotated 90º to the opposite side and held for ~ 30sec. The subject was then asked to turn their head another 90º to the unaffected side. This position was maintained for another 1-2min and then the subject was assisted to sit-up.
Outcome Measure: Improvements in Positional Nystagmus. |
1. Six of 10 subjects had resolved positional nystagmus and vertigo following a single particle repositioning maneuver.
2. Nine of 14 (64%) affected ears had resolved positional nystagmus and vertigo following a single particle repositioning maneuver.
1. The other four subjects needed between 3 and 6 repeated treatments until their symptoms were completely resolved. |
| Dault and Duga (2002)
Canada
PCT
N=8
|
Population: TBI=8; Mean Age=29.6yr; Gender: Male=6, Female=2; Mean Time Post Injury=44.4mo.
Intervention: Participants completed an individualized 12wk Specific Training Program (STP) combining aerobic dance, and slide and step training for 30min, 3x/wk compared to traditional muscular training (TMT) for 60min, 2x/wk for 12wk.
Outcome Measure: Clinical Test for Sensory Interaction in Balance (CTSIB), Jumping Jack movement. |
1. Over time, all of the participants’ performance of the exercises improved.
2. The analysis of balance revealed a significant difference between pre- and post-training sway area for the STP group (p<0.05) but not for the TMT group. |
| Gurr and Moffat (2001) (2001)
UK
Pre-Post
N=41 |
Population: TBI; Mean Age=44.1yr; Gender: Male=28, Female=41; Mean Time Post Injury=78.7mo.
Intervention: Therapy consisted of a behavioral exposure program to movements and activities that provoked vertigo and anxiety in order to assist compensation of vestibular dysfunction and habituation to physical anxiety symptoms.
Outcome Measure: Vertigo Symptom Scale (VSS), Vertigo Rating scale (VRS), Vertigo Handicap Questionnaire (VHQ), Sway-Monitor Assessment. |
1. At the end of therapy, participants’ vertigo symptoms and somatic anxiety had significantly decreased from pre-test to post-test (both p<0.01).
2. Significant reductions in VRS scores were shown from pre-test to post-test, and post-test to follow up (both p<0.01).
3. Patients were able to perform exercises significantly faster (p<0.01) and with significant lower rating of dizziness (p<0.01) after the intervention.
4. Post-test levels of postural sway on the sway monitor (ability to balance on an unstable surface with eyes open) had significantly improved compared to pre-test levels (p=0.008).
5. Vertigo handicap levels (VHQ scores) significantly decreased from pre to post intervention (p<0.01).
1. Vertigo handicap levels ( |
